Seeing the methylation for the wrap around the histone is cool. Thanks.
Broscience has known about the delicate interplay between auxin, Gb, and ethylene for quite a while, not to this detail, but their approach is to leverage what you've got, rather than just do away with half of a pair.
The propeller heads brought us vast monocultures and cloning that can put humanity in deep doo doo regarding the food supply. Same kind run the wild west of the IVF and fertility industry for animals and humans, causing loss of genetic diversity and reduced resilience. “Darwin awards” for them all!!
That is very suggestive of it occurring but it doesnt have to integrate to replicate. Plasmids can replicate episomely in mammalian cells and not integrate.
Making this less politically charged would help the credibility. The data seems fine, but the bizarre unrelated and inaccurate political commentary makes it seem like a child wrote this.
In general, sexual reproduction in eukaryotes has two fundamental aspects: genetic recombination during meiosis, and outcrossing. It has been proposed that these two aspects have two natural selective advantages respectively. A proposed adaptive advantage of meiosis is that it facilitates recombinational repair of DNA damages that are otherwise difficult to repair (see DNA repair as the adaptive advantage of meiosis). A proposed adaptive advantage of outcrossing is complementation, which is the masking of deleterious recessive alleles 8119 (see hybrid vigor
or heterosis). The selective advantage of complementation may largely account for the avoidance of inbreeding (see kin recognition).
Here, they report the isolation and phenotyping of a monoecious XY cannabis plant that challenges the current understanding of monoecy in Cannabis. The monoecious individual exhibited a unique flowering structure, with male flowers at lower nodes and female flowers distributed along the upper rachis in an alternate phyllotaxy. Contrary to typical monoecious plants, its inflorescence was a highly branched panicle generally associated with XY males. After isolation and self-pollination, the resulting seeds were germinated and phenotyped, revealing 58 individuals with exclusive female flowers in a compound raceme and 46 monoecious individuals displaying panicle inflorescences, indicating the monoecious trait was fixed through one round of inbreeding, suggesting a simple mode of inheritance These monoecious plants developed male and female flowers across the Sengbusch scale and matured rapidly, desiccating before the seed from dioecious females were ready for harvest, signifying a developmental timeline aligning with male Cannabis. An XY monoecious plant, as the inflorescence structure and maturation rate suggested, would be incongruent with the current understanding of the monoecy phenotype in Cannabis. Alternatively, an XX monoecious plant producing panicle inflorescences would also be unusual. Either case represented an opportunity to gain insight into the genetic mechanisms of monoecy or inflorescence structure in Cannabis and sex determination more broadly.
DNA was extracted from a sub-sample of the progeny and analysed using the male-associated molecular MADC2 PCR markers (Mandolino et al., 1999). Markers resulted in a 390bp amplification associated with a male phenotype in monoecious individuals, while pure females returned results consistent with a female phenotype (Supplementary Materials S1). There is some debate on the chromosomal location of the product amplified by the MADC2, original authors postulate it is a non-coding region of an autosome (Mandolino et al., 1999). However, more recent analysis would indicate that these markers do amplify a Y-chromosome specific region (Torres et al., 2022). Regardless, this marker has previously been used on a wide range of genotypes and has successfully differentiated male phenotypes from both dioecious and monoecious females with a very low error rate (Mendel et al., 2016; Razumova et al., 2016; Borin et al., 2021).
I fully agree with oxygenation and decay over time to shorten telomere length and therefore cause stunting and likelihood of pathogens and disease. However with monoecy being found in Heterogametic males it shakes things up. Karyotyping evidence has shown that the Y chromosome is larger in Cannabis, resulting in a difference in genome size between XX and XY individuals, 1,636 Mbp and 1,683 Mbp, respectively
The current paradigm suggests that monoecy in Cannabis is a dominant X-linked trait, where monoecious individuals are X’X. However, there is currently no direct experimental evidence to validate this assertion (Truta et al., 2007). Research in Spinacia oleracea supports this proposition, which also has XX/XY sex chromosomes. Yamamoto et al. (2014) suggest an incomplete dominant gene controls monoecy on the M locus linked to the X/Y loci in spinach. XmX and XmXm produce monoecious individuals, with the latter having a higher degree of masculinity.
I fully believe that reversing Males can and will be an extremely important tool to extend telomere length and find outliers in males that have longer telomeres than what we have seen thus far. Genetic drift offers an interesting opportunity to study as it can cause genes to disappear, if we study it more we can use it to pull really rare individuals from a population without making genes disappear. This is getting into Mendel's law of independent assortment.
Transgressive segregation creates an opportunity for new hybrid species to arise that are more fit than their ancestors. As seen with the STB in Kenya and Rieseberg's sunflowers, transgressive segregation can be used to create a species that is more adaptable and resistant in areas where there is environmental stress. Transgressive segregation can be seen as genetic engineering in the way that the goal for each of these events is to create an organism that is more fit than the last.
Seeing the methylation for the wrap around the histone is cool. Thanks.
Broscience has known about the delicate interplay between auxin, Gb, and ethylene for quite a while, not to this detail, but their approach is to leverage what you've got, rather than just do away with half of a pair.
Great post!!
The propeller heads brought us vast monocultures and cloning that can put humanity in deep doo doo regarding the food supply. Same kind run the wild west of the IVF and fertility industry for animals and humans, causing loss of genetic diversity and reduced resilience. “Darwin awards” for them all!!
Mother Nature always knows best, in the end. Boys need girls & the girls need those boys too!
awesome work! most insightful
Mr Mckernan, have you seen this? Do we have proof on genome integration now?
https://www.thefocalpoints.com/p/breaking-reverse-transcription-cancer
That is very suggestive of it occurring but it doesnt have to integrate to replicate. Plasmids can replicate episomely in mammalian cells and not integrate.
Thank you very much.
Making this less politically charged would help the credibility. The data seems fine, but the bizarre unrelated and inaccurate political commentary makes it seem like a child wrote this.
In general, sexual reproduction in eukaryotes has two fundamental aspects: genetic recombination during meiosis, and outcrossing. It has been proposed that these two aspects have two natural selective advantages respectively. A proposed adaptive advantage of meiosis is that it facilitates recombinational repair of DNA damages that are otherwise difficult to repair (see DNA repair as the adaptive advantage of meiosis). A proposed adaptive advantage of outcrossing is complementation, which is the masking of deleterious recessive alleles 8119 (see hybrid vigor
or heterosis). The selective advantage of complementation may largely account for the avoidance of inbreeding (see kin recognition).
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2024.1412079/full
Here, they report the isolation and phenotyping of a monoecious XY cannabis plant that challenges the current understanding of monoecy in Cannabis. The monoecious individual exhibited a unique flowering structure, with male flowers at lower nodes and female flowers distributed along the upper rachis in an alternate phyllotaxy. Contrary to typical monoecious plants, its inflorescence was a highly branched panicle generally associated with XY males. After isolation and self-pollination, the resulting seeds were germinated and phenotyped, revealing 58 individuals with exclusive female flowers in a compound raceme and 46 monoecious individuals displaying panicle inflorescences, indicating the monoecious trait was fixed through one round of inbreeding, suggesting a simple mode of inheritance These monoecious plants developed male and female flowers across the Sengbusch scale and matured rapidly, desiccating before the seed from dioecious females were ready for harvest, signifying a developmental timeline aligning with male Cannabis. An XY monoecious plant, as the inflorescence structure and maturation rate suggested, would be incongruent with the current understanding of the monoecy phenotype in Cannabis. Alternatively, an XX monoecious plant producing panicle inflorescences would also be unusual. Either case represented an opportunity to gain insight into the genetic mechanisms of monoecy or inflorescence structure in Cannabis and sex determination more broadly.
DNA was extracted from a sub-sample of the progeny and analysed using the male-associated molecular MADC2 PCR markers (Mandolino et al., 1999). Markers resulted in a 390bp amplification associated with a male phenotype in monoecious individuals, while pure females returned results consistent with a female phenotype (Supplementary Materials S1). There is some debate on the chromosomal location of the product amplified by the MADC2, original authors postulate it is a non-coding region of an autosome (Mandolino et al., 1999). However, more recent analysis would indicate that these markers do amplify a Y-chromosome specific region (Torres et al., 2022). Regardless, this marker has previously been used on a wide range of genotypes and has successfully differentiated male phenotypes from both dioecious and monoecious females with a very low error rate (Mendel et al., 2016; Razumova et al., 2016; Borin et al., 2021).
Here’s another really good study about this topic https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2020.00718/full
There’s some really well studied information on this
I fully agree with oxygenation and decay over time to shorten telomere length and therefore cause stunting and likelihood of pathogens and disease. However with monoecy being found in Heterogametic males it shakes things up. Karyotyping evidence has shown that the Y chromosome is larger in Cannabis, resulting in a difference in genome size between XX and XY individuals, 1,636 Mbp and 1,683 Mbp, respectively
Here’s one more for you https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-58931-w
The current paradigm suggests that monoecy in Cannabis is a dominant X-linked trait, where monoecious individuals are X’X. However, there is currently no direct experimental evidence to validate this assertion (Truta et al., 2007). Research in Spinacia oleracea supports this proposition, which also has XX/XY sex chromosomes. Yamamoto et al. (2014) suggest an incomplete dominant gene controls monoecy on the M locus linked to the X/Y loci in spinach. XmX and XmXm produce monoecious individuals, with the latter having a higher degree of masculinity.
I fully believe that reversing Males can and will be an extremely important tool to extend telomere length and find outliers in males that have longer telomeres than what we have seen thus far. Genetic drift offers an interesting opportunity to study as it can cause genes to disappear, if we study it more we can use it to pull really rare individuals from a population without making genes disappear. This is getting into Mendel's law of independent assortment.
transgressive segregation, it’s the name of the game ;)
Transgressive segregation creates an opportunity for new hybrid species to arise that are more fit than their ancestors. As seen with the STB in Kenya and Rieseberg's sunflowers, transgressive segregation can be used to create a species that is more adaptable and resistant in areas where there is environmental stress. Transgressive segregation can be seen as genetic engineering in the way that the goal for each of these events is to create an organism that is more fit than the last.
While yall have me nerding out here’s another good study https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7173683/